Clinical Governance is an umbrella term covering a wide range of Essay

Clinical Governance is an umbrella term covering a wide range of quality, accountability and risk management issues. Assess the impact of Clinical Governance - Essay Example Van Zwanenberg fro Oxford defines clinical governance as "a powerful, new and comprehensive mechanism for ensuring that high standards of clinical care are maintained throughout the NHS and the quality of service is continuously improved" (Zwanenberg, 2000). Clinical Governance is a practice that was brought about by the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS), to describe and establish a systematic approach to improve the quality of patient care. The framework of clinical governance aims at establishing the same levels of quality and accountability and management in clinics and hospitals that the framework of corporate governance aims at establishing in an organization. Prior to 1999, ensuring financial management and acceptable levels of patient care quality were the only mandatory responsibilities of the trust boards on NHS. Since 1999, the NHS trust boards accepted the need for improving the quality of service extended to patients; the effect of which was the adoption of clinical governance. Successful implementation of clinical governance mandates continual professional development for the whole primary care team. Each and every team member must be involved. The main challenge that teams may face is the transition shift to a m ultidisciplinary, team based learning. The tasks of clinical governance are complex and demanding. It needs efforts from all members of a team. Improving patient care means that all the factors that have an i... Elements of Clinical Governance Improving patient care means that all the factors that have an impact on the care must be studied and improved, which requires a high level of inter-professional understanding. Representatives from all groups of staff must explore 'care' from patient's point of view (Dickinson et al, 2006). Various elements are needed to be carefully understood in order to establish an effective patient care. Nigel Starey, Director, Center for Primary Care from University of Derby identifies some of the major elements that build effective clinical governance (Starey, 2003). Education: Continual sustained professional education is mandatory for all health care professionals. It is found out that a substantial amount of what is learnt during training is quickly forgotten. Post Registration Education and Practice (PREP) for nurses, Postgraduate Education Allowance (PGEA) for GPs, Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for hospital doctors are some of the various systems that are prevalent to assist health care professionals in their continued professional education. Another essential aspect of continual education is team based learning. Until recently, only the general practitioners attended educational events. The educational requirements of nurses and other staff members were neglected (Pringle, 2000). However the new emphasis on education stresses professional development for all the team members. Clinical Audit: Measurement of the prevalent standards of a clinic against the pre determined standards is a very crucial element of clinical governance. The standards must be pre determined at regular intervals by medical directors

The reproduction of the cats Essay Example for Free

The reproduction of the cats Essay Cats are prolific breeders. Females take just 6 to 9 months to reach sexual maturity; but it is not unheard of for female kittens as young as 4 months to become pregnant. Males mature a bit later but both sexes can breed before they are a year old. Although female can become pregnant at any time of the year, there are specific mating seasons when cats become sexually active. In northern Europe it is usual for domestic female cats to come into heat (estrus cycle) in January and then again in June. The estrus cycle is the period in the female reproduction cycle when mating is most likely to occur. A heat period lasts about 4 to 7 days if the cat is mated and longer otherwise. Female cats indicate their readiness to mate by calling for male company with a special type of yowl, which like the (highly vocal) mating itself has often disturbed the sleep of humans who live in the vicinity. One of the most interesting features of the reproductive process of cats is a phenomenon known as induced ovulation. The male cats penis has backward pointing spines which scratch the interior of its partner, and cause ovulation to occur. Because pregnancy will not take place without this stimulus, quite often the first cats to mate with a queen with not father any kittens. However, the super-fertility of cats means that once she gets started, the female is capable of having a number of partners, and bearing kittens from several fathers in the same litter. The mothers eggs are fertilized in the oviduct and arrive in the uterus 4-5 days after mating. Cats do not go about the process quietly, and to the unpracticed ear the process sounds remarkably like a prolonged and very vocal cat-fight. Pregnancy lasts between 56 and 71 days, with the average pregnancy taking 68 days. Litters are most commonly of 3-6 kittens, but a single litter may have as many as nine. The record was a litter 19 kittens; the mother being a Burmese/Siamese cross from Oxford shire in England. The kittens were born on the 7th of August. Unfortunately four of the kittens were stillborn. Lets meet at the milk bar A few days before she is due to give birth the pregnant female will become restless and will look for the best nest. This will normally be quiet, warm and in one of the darker parts of the house. This is where she will give birth. It is a good idea not to disturb her in her nesting place. Kittens are both blind and deaf when born but otherwise well developed. They are, for example, more responsive than newborn puppies. A newborn kitten has a very good sense of smell and she will soon select a teat to feed from and will suck at no other. A kitten will be ready to play at three weeks old and will be fully weaned by 8 weeks. The mother can come into heat as soon as four weeks after giving birth. If the kittens are pedigreed, the father is referred to as the sire and the technical term for the mother is the dam. As we said earlier cats are prolific breeders and can breed throughout their lifespan. Again dipping to a feline book of records we will find that the most prolific breeder ever recorded was a tabby from Texas, USA called Dusty. She produced 420 kittens, the last litter being in 1952. Although fertility may gradually decline over time, cats do not go through the menopause. Therefore there is no age after which a female cat can no longer become pregnant. Indeed the oldest cat to have a litter was Litty, who gave birth to two kittens in May 1987 when she was 30 years old. With this birthrate it is no wonder than left to itself the feline population will quickly run out of control. It has been estimated that in a 12-year lifespan, without human intervention, a single female cat could be responsible for as many as 3500 descendants. There are already too many cats born each year and sadly, many are destroyed. It is therefore important that the cats are neutered as early as possible. Neutered cats are much better pets and studies have also shown that females spayed before they are six months have a significantly reduced risk of mammary (breast) cancer. It is also the case that if male cats are spayed later, they may continue aggressive scent-marking (spraying with urine), out of sheer force of habit.

Mans Struggle with His Identity in Steppenwolf :: Hesse Steppenwolf Essays

Man's Struggle with His Identity in Steppenwolf      Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Christian resolve to find the world ugly and bad has made the world ugly and bad." These are the words of Friedrich Nietzsche, among the most influential philosophers of the modern era and one who has exerted an incontrovertible influence on many German authors, including Hermann Hesse. That Hesse should feel drawn to a figure so prominent in the German consciousness is not suprising, that he should do so in spite of the religious zeal of his family seems almost heretical.    No less an influence on Hesse, though, was the groundbreaking psychologist Sigmund Freud, himself also an admirer of Nietzsche, and who "several times said of Nietzsche that he had a more penetrating knowledge of himself than any other man who ever lived or was ever likely to live." This theme, the "knowledge of self," is a recurring one in Hesse's works, and is central to the personal crises he faced in the years after the outbreak of World War I.    Hesse's post-1914 novels reflect his progress through successive self-examinations. Demian, published in 1919, explored his break with conventional morality in a decaying world. Siddhartha, published in 1922, features Hesse's lifelong fascination with Eastern spirituality. It was his 1927 novel, Steppenwolf, which first attained a complete break with the past while retaining an overtly autobiographical flavor amidst otherwise total abstraction.    It is Steppenwolf's break from the past which distinguishes it from the styles of two of Hesse's most prominent contemporaries: Thomas Mann and Franz Kafka. While Mann and Kafka are themselves dissimilar, their novels are characteristic of the novel as a form: as totality. Mann's novels are intricately detailed and firmly situated within their historical contexts. Further, we are intimately familiar with the characters, with their backgrounds, their tastes, their values, and their fates. And while Kafka's novels are heavily symbolic, we are nevertheless presented with a total worldview, a worldview we can consider in all its irony and terror. Moreover, we can identify completely with the characters, who are really only reflections of ourselves, struggling for definition amidst ambiguity.    Hesse's Steppenwolf, conversely, is quintessentially fragmentary. We know little of Harry Haller beyond that which is immediately apparent from the text. We are as the nephew in whose aunt's boarding house Haller resides. We are also unable to identify the historical setting for the novel without referring to Hesse's own life.

Ethics and Laws governing insider trading Essay

Insider trading remains a controversial issue in the American public domain. Most individuals perceive the practice as being illegal. However, insider trading can both be legal and illegal practice. The provisions of the American law dictate that any form of insider trading should be reported to the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to make it legal (Miller & Jentz, 2009). This has the implication that the transaction is not kept a secret for access by the general public. On the other hand, insider trading is termed illegal if the transaction is based on information that is not accessible to public. Indeed, it is not only illegal to trade one’s company in the stock market based on non-public information but even to give another person the information enabling them to trade their stock (Miller & Jentz, 2009). This paper seeks to identify the ethical and legal aspects of insider trading practices in the business world. In particular, the author gives an argument is support of the claim that imposing measures to control insider trading is crucial in protecting the economic interest of public investors. Definition of insider trading Insider trading is defined as the act of trading the securities (stock or bonds) of a corporation by members with reliable access to non-public information on the given organization (Miller & Jentz, 2009). Such individual might include but not limited to employees, directors, and major shareholders in the company as well as other officers. The practice of insider trading is termed as non-illegal if the transactions are not executed based on the individual’s knowledge to non-public information about the company (Miller & Jentz, 2009). Nevertheless, the term commonly refers to actions in which the parties involve engage in breach of trust and confidentiality of non-public information. As an example, insider trading can involve trading of stock based on information such as profit results or takeover of an organization before such information is made public (Miller & Jentz, 2009). Another example is were an individual, having prior information of a large order in the stock, trades on such before the order is executed leading to a potential price impact. Ethics governing insider trading There are numerous ethical implications associated with insider trading. First, insider trading practices are perceived as a potential distortion of stock markets. Investor confidence and trust is one of the most crucial elements in determining the long-term sustainability of any economy (Brenkert & Beauchamp, 2009). This is because to ensures the continuous flow of investment capital by members of the community. On the contrary, insider trading serves the ultimate purpose of compromising the confidence of the investors by risking risk price impacts on their stock. Based on this reasoning, insider is a contradiction to the policies protecting small scale investments through securities in our nation. It is worth noting that insiders and any other third parties involved are usually influential members to the company or in the community, leaving small scale investors vulnerable. Another ethical issue of concern in insider trading is the question of unfair competition (Brenkert & Beauchamp, 2009). Insider trading involves individuals taking advantage of non-public information of a company to execute stock trading practices. According to its definition, the practice does not only involve corporation officials, employees, and large stakeholders but even third party members with access of such information. This has the implication that other investors with stocks on the corporation suffer the disadvantage of transacting their stocks and bonds long after insiders have made them. Such is ethically wrong as it deprives investors of their right to equal opportunity in the stock exchange market. Insider trading has the ultimate potential of leading to the collapsing of an investment. Insider trading has witnessed the downfall of many strong public corporations in the United States. Good examples of this are the 2002 collapsing of Enron and WorldCom corporations due to irregular trading of their stocks in the securities exchange. According available evidence linked with the collapsing of Enron and WorldCom corporations, it is quite evident that the companies engaged in financial scandals involving misrepresentation of their financial statements to influence their stand at the stock market. This misappropriation of information as is the case with insiders thus risks falling of organizations. In addition, insider trading is a source of liability to the parties involved. The principles of ethical business practices dictate for mitigation of liabilities by members of an organization. On the other hand, the underlying laws of our nation seek to prosecute perpetuators of unethical practices in the investment world (Brenkert & Beauchamp, 2009). This is in purpose aimed at safeguarding capital investments and protecting investor confidence. In line with this, insider trading risk tarnishing the reputation of an organization as well as its employees. This ethical issue can be emphasized by the legal case costs and other liabilities that have been incurred by former top officials of the WorldCom and Enron Corporations. Laws governing insider trading Insider trading practices can both be legal and illegal depending on the provisions of the existing laws in the American nation. According to the available laws, legal insider trading should be qualified through SEC fillings which serve to make the proceedings public. There are three legal provisions governing insider trading in America namely: 1) common law; 2) SEC regulations; and 3) US Supreme Court decisions. †¢ Common law Insider trading conducted without disclosure in inside information to the SEC is legally regarded as fraud under the American common law. The 1933 Securities Act prohibits fraud in the sale of securities under its provision in section 17 (Miller & Jentz, 2009). These provisions are further strengthened by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Under section 16(b) of this act, it is a crime for company officials, directors, employees, and stockholders owning more than 10% of the company shares to enjoy short-swing profits through transactions in the SEC within a period of six months (Miller & Jentz, 2009). In addition, fraud activities during securities trading are prohibited under section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Other common law governing insider trading are the Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984 and the Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988 (Miller & Jentz, 2009). These two acts are instrumental in mitigating illegal insider trading activities in the stock exchange market. The laws impose penalties of up to three times any profits gained through illegal insider trading. Just to be appreciated is the fact that such amount of fine is equally applicable for any losses that were avoided through illegal trading (Miller & Jentz, 2009). Moreover, the laws also provides for potential banning of companies involved in illegal trading depending on the level of such activities. The collapsing of major American public corporations such as Enron, WorldCom, and squeaky clean Martha Stewart prompted the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The act seeks to establish a streamlined framework for mitigating financial scandals both by auditing firms as well as in the proceedings of the SEC (Miller & Jentz, 2009). By dictating for the formation of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) which dictates qualification of auditors; such are no doubt crucial in ensuring sanity in the accounting profession. In addition, this act makes it mandatory for the SEC to qualify financial statements from corporations enlisted in the stock market. †¢ SEC regulations Insider trading is governed by a number of provisions of the SEC rules and regulation. In its fair disclosure requirements, the SEC dictates that a company is bound by the law to disclosure non-public information to the public in the event it happens to do so intentionally to an individual (Macey, 1991). If such disclosures were not intentional, the organization should communicate the same to the general public. Another important rule on insider trading is defined in SEC Rule 10b5-1. According to this rule, prohibition against insider trading should not only be based on whether non-public information was used during the trade, but even mere possession of such information amounts to a violation of the rule. The provisions of Williams Act of 1968 on takeovers and tender offers also give the SEC powers to regulate insider trading. By definition, the Williams Act is an amendment to the 1934 Securities and Exchange Act. The Act dictates for mandatory full and fair disclosure of information involving tender offers (Macey, 1991). According to its provisions, if a company seeks to acquire or control another through securities, such intentions should be communicated to SEC through fillings and in written to the company to be acquired. The aim of this law is to ensure fair benefiting of the stakeholders as well as allowing the management equal opportunity to make any defense case in a fair manner. In addition, the Williams Act requires that an individual wishing to offer cash tender of 15 to 20 percent of the current market price to acquire a corporation must registered under federal law to disclose to the federal Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Such disclosures include; source of the money to be used in the offer, existing contractual agreements with the corporation to be purchased, intention of the purchase, and the plans to be implemented upon the successful completion of the tender offer (Miller & Jentz, 2009). Moreover, disclosures with SEC by an individual wishing to purchase 5 percent of a given corporation should be copied to all national securities exchanges were such stocks are traded to make sure that the information is accessible to investors. Under this law, SEC enjoys legal authority to take legal action against persons acting in violation of the provisions. This includes the use of falsified and misleading statements to gain unfair competition in tender offers. †¢ Court decisions The US Supreme Court has made numerous landmark case decisions regarding insider trading. During the 1909 case of Strong v. Repide, the court ruled that directors are not bound by the law to provide their knowledge to stakeholders about their actions in buying shares from the company (Macey, 1991). However, in the 1984 case of Dirks v. SEC, the Supreme Court found that third party insiders should be held liable for engaging in illegal insider trading provided it is established that they had reasonable belief that the provider of the information had breached a fiduciary duty in the process (Macey, 1991). Such are also applicable if the tipper is found to have gained personal benefits from the receiver upon disclosure the confidential company information. Further, the ruling in the Dirks v. SEC case led to the establishment of the concept of constructive insiders. According to the court, constructive insiders include members who gain access to non-public information from a corporation while providing it with services. Such include; lawyers and bankers among other. The court held that constructive insiders are liable of violations of insider trading since their duties dictate against disclosure of their client’s confidential information. Another landmark case regarding insider trading is the United States v. Carpenter case of 1986 in which the Supreme Court upheld the concept of misappropriation of information as an insider trading violation (Miller & Jentz, 2009). From the facts of the case, the defendant was conviction for insider trading violations after acquiring non-public information from a journalist. This court argued that acquisition of information through a confidential relationship with another individual amount to a breach of fiduciary and the individual must account for any benefits gained from the information. The theory of misappropriation was further applied by the Supreme Court in the 1997 United States v. O’Hagan case. During this case, O’Hagan was convicted with violation of insider trading provisions. Working at in a law firm representing Grand Metropolitan O’Hagan gained confidential information about the company’s plan offer a tender to Pillsbury Co. he used this information to buy call options on Pillsbury stock, an act that brought him a profit of $4 million. O’Hagan was convicted with fraud. The court argued that O’Hagan had committed fraud for using confidential information to benefit him in the securities trade, a move that breached the duty owed to the information source (Miller & Jentz, 2009). Conclusion It is established that insider trading has numerous ethical implications. The practice is a major source of unfair competition in the securities trading business. This is because it gives competitive advantage to influential members of the corporation in terms of profitable stock trading through access of non-public information about the company. On the other hand, insider trading can be a source of liability for the perpetuators. Such can be evident from the provisions of the Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984 and the Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 1988 which dictates for penalties of up to three times any benefits gained from illegal insider trading. Still established during the research is that insider trading in the American nation is governed by common laws, SEC rules, and numerous court statutes. Under the common law is the provision of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, it is a crime for company officials, directors, employees, and stockholders owning more than 10% of the company shares to enjoy short-swing profits through transactions in the SEC within a period of six months. This law also prohibits fraud. The Williams act on the other side gives the SEC authority to prosecute individuals and companies for insider trading violations. All in all, given that insider trading potentially distorts the stock market, imposing measures to control insider trading is crucial in protecting the economic interest of public investors. References Miller, R. L. & Jentz, G. A. (2009). Fundamentals of Business Law: Summarized Cases. 8th Ed. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Macey, R. J. (1991). Insider trading: economics, politics, and policy. Washington, D. C. : American Enterprise Institute. Brenkert, G. G. & Beauchamp, T. L. (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press US.

Not so Fantastic Feasting Essay

All around town people have been talking about the new Mexican restaurant, El Fogon (The Stove), by the movie theatre on the Interstate Parkway in Green, OH. People are excited to have a new restaurant and are anxious to try it. But take my advice and don’t waste your time on visiting this joint unless you like greasy and grimy food. El Fogon has an unusually clean dining area and a deceivingly inviting and personal atmosphere, none of this corresponds with the staff in the least bit. Although the workers act and dress conservatively, we waited for our orders to be taken for more than fifteen minutes. The menu was laid out nicely and made it easy to see what food they offer at the restaurant. The print on the menu was small but I personally had no problem reading it. All the items on the menu ranged from four dollars to ten dollars. The food I was served was not fresh and the presentation was sloppy. I ordered the taco salad but it looked like something my four year old younge r sister would make out of mud. My friend, Shannon, always orders quesadillas when going out to eat. She didn’t like the quesadillas at all; she described them as being greasy and had suspicions that the cooks had cooked her food in old frying oil. We both ordered the two dollar tacos, which were served with your choice of chicken or steak on top of a hand full of lettuce on a store bought shell. They were very disappointing and neither of us finished them; they were dry and tasteless. On a positive note, the portions were extremely large for the prices listed on the menu. I have visited El Fogon once prior to my previous visit. I had ordered the taco salad during my first visit; it was presented very nicely and tasted so good that I had finished my whole plate, leaving nothing behind. Our waitress was very friendly and attentive. She seemed to really enjoy working and greeted us right away. Our waiter during our second visit seemed to have had something better to do for our entire visit at the restaurant an d only approached us when we called him over to our table. He was hard to understand, much like many of the other employees and the restaurant, having a deep Mexican accent. Once or twice we had to ask for our waters to be re-filled, if he heard us he came right over to our table, but many times he just walked away. He didn’t seem too happy to be at work and appeared to have something else on his mind. He did not add to my  experience at all. Above the bathroom door reads, Baá ¿â€ o meaning restroom and above the kitchen reads Cocina meaning kitchen, there is a lot of very strongly Mexican influenced artwork throughout the restaurant that I thought added to my experience. Mexican restaurants should provide their customer with an experience that is relative to the origins of whichever Spanish speaking country it is based from and El Fogon did an excellent job. There was a large bar in the restaurant that was completely empty and made it very easy to see into the kitchen behind it. The kitchen looked very clean and organized. The restaurant is very large and has too many tables for the number of customers at any given time. The restrooms were very clean and large. The door to the women’s restroom reads niá ¿â€ as meaning girls or women, and the men’s restroom door reads niá ¿â€ os meaning boys or men. Ginny R. from Green, OH, has praised the restaurant for the quality of its food, portion sizes and low-priced menu. I do agree that the portions are large and the menu is extremely reasonable, but the quality of the food served at El Fogon is so cheap and bland that it is not worth half the price that the menu claims for it. â€Å"Great food for a reasonable price†, claims Aaron H. from North Canton, OH. The only thing that is good on the El Fogon menu is the cheese sauce that you can order for the chips, but even the chips are greasy, bland, and tasteless and not to mention under salted. Another Mexican restaurant in the area, Ponchos, has great food. The prices are a little bit more expensive but the atmosphere and service always leaves me coming back wanting more. Even though Ponchos is not an authentic Mexican restaurant the food is still much better than at El Fogon. The owner of this establishment must have not done their homework when picking the site for their restaurant. Although it is close to the local cinema theatre, and you would expect a busy out turn of customers into El Fogon, the exact opposite happens. The restaurant is almost always empty. Restaurants in this same location have not lasted more than 6 months without going out of business due to lack of customers. Unfortunately I see the same outcome for El Fogon as well. After an hour visit to El Fogon, I left unsatisfied, hungry, and full of displeasure. While El Fogon is not worth a trip or the money, it was surely an experience regardless of how bad it was.

Incident at Ogala essays

Incident at Ogala essays Over the years, people have set out in many different ways, to portray the brutal and unjust treatment of the men in governmental power toward the many Native American tribes and people. The director of the two films, Incident at Ogala and Thunderheart, is trying to release evidence of the largely corrupt justice system of the American Government that controls the lives of the Native Americans. The director is giving the message that the same white brutality that began hundreds of years ago continues and manifests in todays society. In the film, Thunderheart, the director uses a fictional story plot to portray actual events that occurred on the Indian Reservation. With this film, the director wants to capture the emotion of the viewers. The director develops the viewers emotions by introducing them to the characters that are meant to arouse emotion and create an attachment. In doing this, the director makes the actual incident seem more real to the viewers because they are more emotionally connected to the incident. The directors development of the characters cause the views to be unable to dismiss the emotions that come with knowing that the events that caused them are a reality. In the film, Incident at Ogala, the director uses a similar approach to attract viewers to the message. The Native Americans that went through the incident and the trauma were able to describe the scenario in their own words and with their own emotion attached. This again makes the viewers form interest in the message being portrayed by developing attachments with the victims. The director set out to create an example of the hypothetical damage that could be done to Indian Reservations all over the country if the government continues to allow for corruptive power to remain in the treatment of Native Americans and their rights. Real incidents are in the film to expose the r...

Free Essays on Jesus Vs You

The world has gone through a revolution and it has changed a lot. We have cut the death rates around the world with modern medicine and new farming methods. For example, we sprayed to destroy mosquitoes in Sri Lanka in the 1950s. In one year, the average life of everyone in Sri Lanka was extended by eight years because the number of people dying from malaria suddenly declined. This was a great human achievement. But we cut the death rate without cutting the birth rate. Now population is soaring. There were about one billion people living in the world when the Statue of Liberty was built. There are 4.5 billion today. World population is growing at an enormous rate. The world is going to add a billion people in the next eleven years, that's 224,000 every day! Experts say there will be at least 1.65 billion more people living in the world in the next twenty years. We must understand what these numbers mean for the U.S. Let's look at the question of jobs. The International Labor organization projects a twenty-year increase of 600 to 700 million people who will be seeking jobs. Eighty-eight percent of the world's population growth takes place in the Third World. More than a billion people today are paid about 150 dollars a year, which is less than the average American earns in a week. And growing numbers of these poorly paid Third World citizens want to come to the United States. In the 1970s, all other countries that accept immigrants started controlling the number of people they would allow into their countries. The United States did not. This means that the huge numbers of immigrants who are turned down elsewhere will turn to the United States. The number of immigrants is staggering. The human suffering they represent is a nightmare. Latin America's population is now 390 million people. It will be 800 million in the year 2025. Mexico's population has tripled since the Second World War. One third of the population of Mexico ... Free Essays on Jesus Vs You Free Essays on Jesus Vs You The world has gone through a revolution and it has changed a lot. We have cut the death rates around the world with modern medicine and new farming methods. For example, we sprayed to destroy mosquitoes in Sri Lanka in the 1950s. In one year, the average life of everyone in Sri Lanka was extended by eight years because the number of people dying from malaria suddenly declined. This was a great human achievement. But we cut the death rate without cutting the birth rate. Now population is soaring. There were about one billion people living in the world when the Statue of Liberty was built. There are 4.5 billion today. World population is growing at an enormous rate. The world is going to add a billion people in the next eleven years, that's 224,000 every day! Experts say there will be at least 1.65 billion more people living in the world in the next twenty years. We must understand what these numbers mean for the U.S. Let's look at the question of jobs. The International Labor organization projects a twenty-year increase of 600 to 700 million people who will be seeking jobs. Eighty-eight percent of the world's population growth takes place in the Third World. More than a billion people today are paid about 150 dollars a year, which is less than the average American earns in a week. And growing numbers of these poorly paid Third World citizens want to come to the United States. In the 1970s, all other countries that accept immigrants started controlling the number of people they would allow into their countries. The United States did not. This means that the huge numbers of immigrants who are turned down elsewhere will turn to the United States. The number of immigrants is staggering. The human suffering they represent is a nightmare. Latin America's population is now 390 million people. It will be 800 million in the year 2025. Mexico's population has tripled since the Second World War. One third of the population of Mexico ...

How to Successfully Integrate Social Media Automation Into Your Strategy

How to Successfully Integrate Social Media Automation Into Your Strategy Social media automation: Is it the evil that some marketers think it is? No way! Automating this necessary task will help you get better results with less effort. Today we’re talking to our own Leah Schothorst, ’s social media strategist. We’re going to talk about how much social media automation is too much and how to strike that perfect balance. You won’t want to miss today’s show! Some of the highlights of this episode include: What Leah does in her position of social media strategist. Her definition of social media automation and why she thinks of it as a three-legged stool. Thoughts about what you should and should not automate. The facts on whether companies are penalized for automating social media posts. Finding a balance between organic activity and what you’re automating. How long it takes to start reaping the benefits of automation. Three important â€Å"buckets† you should have to pull post ideas from. Leah’s best advice for marketers who want to get started with social media automation. Quotes by Leah: â€Å"Social media automation is just where you can start curating items and then throwing them into a bucket and you don’t have to really think about it anymore.† â€Å"When somebody messages us on Twitter, I like to respond as a person. I think that’s really important that people get that person to person interaction.† â€Å"Don’t be paralyzed; just get started.†

Ethical Dilemna Assignment Jehi Mcmath Brain death case Research Paper

Ethical Dilemna Assignment Jehi Mcmath Brain death case - Research Paper Example It is in responding to such cases as this that, WHO prioritized mental health as well is as mental injuries. This was to reduce disability as well as early mental disorders. Ethically, it would be unsound for the medical personnel to carry out the operation o the patient when he or she is under such great pain (Chakrabarti, 2014). Yet, on the contrary, one would find that this is not acknowledged by the traditions and best practices of medication. Given that in provision five, the nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, to maintain competence, and to continue personal and professional growth. When a patient makes requests that contravene the regulations lay down by the medical field. This may happen when the patient is in great pain with very minimal chances of survival. The patient may seek to apply for a slow and a merciful death. This ma receives an objection from the medical official on the grounds that, it would be tantamount to murder of the innocent. Sometimes such and endeavor may even attract a fain of a jail term or even both. These are some of the challenges that may bother the nurses. In the light of the fact that, in provision eight; the nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public in promoting community, national and international efforts to meet health needs. A nurse’s judgments visa viz the decisions of the victims. There are some decisions that may be reached by the patient. Some of these decisions may be very detrimental to the patient. For example, a patient who demands for a discharge, when it is evident that he or she will not receive the much needed care at home environment. Humanness against the rules that inform medical practice has equally poised a dilemma to the medics. This happens when, for instance, there repugnant regulations that may

The importance of Marketing Communication Essay

The importance of Marketing Communication - Essay Example The process of any effective communication has six constituents i.e. the context, the sender, the message, the medium, the receiver and the feedback. The intention of communication is achieved only when the receiver successfully decodes the message in its truest sense and provides feedback to the sender. The American Marketing Association defines marketing as "an organisational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organisation and its stakeholders" (American Marketing Association, n.d.). Communication is the most critical aspect of a thriving marketing plan. The stake-holders are to be properly communicated in terms of organisational objectives, strategies and policies. The end-users i.e. the customers or the business partners (the stakeholders) should have fair knowledge about the product line, the availability of the products, the price and the promotional measures. All of these can be achieved only with proper communication as and when required. Even with all other things in place, without effective communication, the organisation can never expect to reach its desired goal. The supermarket giant of United Kingdom, Sainsbury's Plc was established in 1869. The most reputed standing major in the sector of super market chain, over the period of time Sainsbury's Plc has been regarded as heritage provider of safe, healthy, tasty and fresh food. The company also has the credit of constant improvement to provide the foods according to the requirements of the customers and maintains special attention towards the freshness of the food. The company serves more than 18 million customers per week and the market share of the company is around 16%. The company claims that their large stores offer a whole range of variety products of at least 30,000 types and also cater to the markets of non-food products and services from many of the stores. The company has five core principles namely The best for food and health Sourcing with integrity Respect for our environment Making a positive difference to our community A great place to work. ( J Sainsbury Plc, n.d.). Marketing Communication Mix The marketing communication can be expected to be successful only with proper mix of the various components of it. The different features are as follows: Advertising - Advertisement id the most sought technique of marketing communication. The advertisements are general in nature and are used to reach the geographically scattered customers. It contributes towards the long term relationship of the company with the client. Public Relations - Public relations is more of a formal channel of marketing communication. It includes formal press releases, advertorials, organisation of parties in favour of the products. It also ranges to sponsorships. Sales Promotion - Sales promotion is another constituent of the marketing communication mix. The techniques involved in sales promotion include discounts, coupons, premium offers, interesting contests, etc primarily with the objective of drawing quick buyer response. Direct Marketing - The modes of marketing that are intended to effect

Service Organisation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Service Organisation - Case Study Example Accessibility is a key issue and an importance operations management issue for hotels and this essay will use Holiday Inn Nottingham as a case study to analyse the operational functions of a service organisation. The operational functions of an organisation are those that enable it to undertake its role (Flaherty 1996, Slack et al 1998). In the case of a service organisation, the operational functions would be those that implement the organisation's core service. In the case of Holiday Inn Nottingham, its operational functions will involve those functions that enable customers to book their services, and the people involved in making sure this is carried out appropriately. The operational functions of an organisation are also determined by the three roles as implementers of business strategy, supporters to the business strategy and as the drivers of business strategy (Flaherty 1996, Slack et al 1998). This has several meanings for Holiday Inn Nottingham, because as an implementer of business strategy it will have to ensure that it puts the general Holiday Inn strategy into place. This would include attracting customers to the hotel by managing and promoting the Holiday Inn brand in Nottingha m, through marketing and advertising the organisation. As a support of business strategy, Holiday Inn Nottingham has to develop resources to provide the capabilities which are needed to allow the hotel to achieve its strategic goals (Flaherty 1996, Slack et al 1998). Holiday Inn Nottingham has completed a major refurbishment of its hotel, and part of these refurbishments include modernising accommodation and business facilities, so that the hotel can fulfil its role in implementing the Holiday Inn business strategy. In terms of driving the business strategy, Holiday Inn Nottingham has to ensure that it retains its competitive edge (Flaherty 1996, Slack et al 1998) over other hotels in the city and the recent refurbishment demonstrates how Holiday Inn Nottingham is committed to driving business strategy. The modernisation of the rooms ensures that its customers and potential customers are accommodated in rooms that meet global standards in terms of quality and comfort. For its busine ss customers, Holiday Inn Nottingham also offers free on-site car parking, which immediately puts it at a competitive advantage as a business venue as it represents the best value for its cost. The operational functions of Holiday Inn are also better demonstrated by looking its performance objectives which include the quality advantage, the speed advantage, the dependability advantage, the flexibility advantage and the cost advantage (Harris 1989). In order to understand these advantages and the operational functions of Holiday Inn Nottingham better, a detailed examination will now follow of the organisation. Service Package The service package is the bundle of goods and services that is provided by Holiday Inn Nottingham (Lecture Notes). The most visible part of the service package is the hotel's supporting facility which consists of its guest rooms, facilities for guests and business facilities. The hotel offers three different types of guest rooms to cater for the different guest types; from single and double rooms to executive rooms and suites. Guests will also have access to a health fitness centre and internet connections in their rooms. Business customers also have a variety of room

M2A1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

M2A1 - Essay Example Case study one: interpersonal conflict This interpersonal conflict scenario entails two employees of the same organization. The conflict arises from the struggle of promotion and power between the two employees. The cause of the conflict can be attributed to differences in goals, attitudes and values between the two employees. Rick has the informational power to influence the work of John. John relies on interim production reports from Rick in order to accurately prepare summary reports for the entire week. From their working relationship, the accuracy of Rick’s interim reports will influence the quality of output delivered by John to the inventory and marketing departments. The conflict is harmful to the organization since it has led to errors in the summary reports and may also lead to inefficiency of work since John will be forced to retrieve the interim production reports from the main frame computer that has a two day backlog of retrieval requests. The conflict will lead to poor working relationship and hinder teamwork in the organization. Eventually, the conflict will hinder the attainment of the organizational objectives. The conflict is shallow since it entails only two employees and no excessive harm has occurred to their overall jobs (Donohue & Kolt, 1994). ... pective position, but their individual differences such as need for power and status, and personality clashes have led to a conflict in their working relationship (Deutsch, Coleman & Marcus, 2006). The second step will entail creating urgency for the need to resolve the conflict through identifying the negative impacts of the conflict towards the attainment of organizational objectives (Donohue & Kolt, 1994). In this regard, the management will identify the errors in the interim production reports, the inaccuracies of the summary reports delivered to the inventory and marketing departments and associated delays in preparation of the summary reports. The third step is creating a favorable conflict resolution environment through enabling John and Rick to cooperate in their working relationship. In this case, Rick must accept blame for the errors in the interim production report and the rude communication to John. Accordingly, John and Rick must openly express their interests on the pro spective position and any negative emotions towards each other. The two employees must be prepared to engage in positive dialogue and offer feedback regards the conflict resolution process (Deutsch, Coleman & Marcus, 2006). The fourth step will entail will entail brainstorming for possible conflict resolution alternatives. In this case, the parties will highlight all possible solutions to the conflict. The parties must not avoid the conflict or engage in competition tactics since this will hinder interpersonal relationships and affect the working relationships (Deutsch, Coleman & Marcus, 2006). The brainstorming checklist must aim at enhancing cooperation, aligning the individual values and interests and minimizing struggles power and status between John and Rick. Possible solutions include

Funding Cuts on District Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Funding Cuts on District Schools - Essay Example To ensure that each child is catered for including the disabled and special needs children, district education boards assisted by the federal governments have over the time funded these schools. The district education board also recognizes that aspects of growth in a child are related; which means that the emotional, physical, social and intellectual needs in a child have to be catered for (Farguhar & Fitzsimons, 2007). This has forced the district boards to use massive budgets in employing different types of teachers and other instructors in the different fields to ensure a smooth growth in children under district schools. These areas of child growth make the idea of having several early childhood instructors an important undertaking in all district schools. However, currently, with the economic crisis in federal governments and the overall spending cuts by the central governments, there has been a crisis where the budges under the district schools required to runt these operations have been subjected to massive cuts and strict control in funding of these schools. This has been viewed by many as lack of a strong grip by the federal government on the education system, while others have feared that such massive cuts will affect the quality education for all children in these schools. However, considering the alternative approaches that district schools can apply to balance the effects of budget cuts, these budget cuts would not affect the quality of education in these schools. In most cases, schools are faced with serious budgetary constraints in their performance, which has been explained by many to affect the learning quality especially in early childhood education, where special care has to be taken in offering the children quality care that attributes directly to their growth.

M2A1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

M2A1 - Essay Example Case study one: interpersonal conflict This interpersonal conflict scenario entails two employees of the same organization. The conflict arises from the struggle of promotion and power between the two employees. The cause of the conflict can be attributed to differences in goals, attitudes and values between the two employees. Rick has the informational power to influence the work of John. John relies on interim production reports from Rick in order to accurately prepare summary reports for the entire week. From their working relationship, the accuracy of Rick’s interim reports will influence the quality of output delivered by John to the inventory and marketing departments. The conflict is harmful to the organization since it has led to errors in the summary reports and may also lead to inefficiency of work since John will be forced to retrieve the interim production reports from the main frame computer that has a two day backlog of retrieval requests. The conflict will lead to poor working relationship and hinder teamwork in the organization. Eventually, the conflict will hinder the attainment of the organizational objectives. The conflict is shallow since it entails only two employees and no excessive harm has occurred to their overall jobs (Donohue & Kolt, 1994). ... pective position, but their individual differences such as need for power and status, and personality clashes have led to a conflict in their working relationship (Deutsch, Coleman & Marcus, 2006). The second step will entail creating urgency for the need to resolve the conflict through identifying the negative impacts of the conflict towards the attainment of organizational objectives (Donohue & Kolt, 1994). In this regard, the management will identify the errors in the interim production reports, the inaccuracies of the summary reports delivered to the inventory and marketing departments and associated delays in preparation of the summary reports. The third step is creating a favorable conflict resolution environment through enabling John and Rick to cooperate in their working relationship. In this case, Rick must accept blame for the errors in the interim production report and the rude communication to John. Accordingly, John and Rick must openly express their interests on the pro spective position and any negative emotions towards each other. The two employees must be prepared to engage in positive dialogue and offer feedback regards the conflict resolution process (Deutsch, Coleman & Marcus, 2006). The fourth step will entail will entail brainstorming for possible conflict resolution alternatives. In this case, the parties will highlight all possible solutions to the conflict. The parties must not avoid the conflict or engage in competition tactics since this will hinder interpersonal relationships and affect the working relationships (Deutsch, Coleman & Marcus, 2006). The brainstorming checklist must aim at enhancing cooperation, aligning the individual values and interests and minimizing struggles power and status between John and Rick. Possible solutions include

Dynamics between Human Activity and Nature during the Twentieth Essay

Dynamics between Human Activity and Nature during the Twentieth Century - Essay Example Amazon through Bezos had a goal on customer utility maximization with an aim of providing every product within the alphabet. Amazon kick started business in July 1995 trading its first book through Amazon.com, the book sold was Fluids concepts and creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanism of Thought by Douglas Hofstadter. Amazon underwent further expansion in Delaware in the year 1996. On 15th May 1997, Amazon offered its initial public offering of shares, doing business under NASDAQ stock exchange with their symbol being AMZN. The shares were traded at a price of US$ 18 per share. The firm had a unique initial business plan whereby they did not expect to acquire any gains for first four to five years. The firm has different websites for various countries around the world (Bryers, 2009). On the other hand, Border Books was initiated in 1971 under the watch of brothers Tom and Louis Borders in Ann Arbor, Michigan while they were undertaking their undergraduate a nd graduate programs at the University of Michigan. Later in 1976, a complimentary company known as Book Inventory System was formed to act as a wholesaler for Borders Books. It was also aimed at providing custom inventory system to regional independent bookstores which included: John Rollins, Thackeray’s, Schuler Books and Joseph-Beth Booksellers. In a bid to achieve expansion in the company, Robert F. Diromualdo formerly president of Hickory Farms was brought on board. The initial Borders bookshop was situated in two rooms above 209 State Street, north of the state theater. Their initial inventory mainly comprised of a combination of used books. Later on the brothers relocated to Maynard House apartment building which is in the southwest corner of William and Maynard Streets. They later on purchased out the inventory an 80 year old bookstore known as Wahr’s which was closing down at 316 South State. Wahr’s majorly traded in text books and school supplies which was different from the brothers’ specialization. The brothers thereafter relocated the retail bookshop to former Wagner & son men’s clothing store which saw the business expand to large scale. Tom Frick was assigned to handle the old shop which had by then been renamed Charing Cross Bookshop (Thompson, 2009). In 1992, Kmart attained the ownership of Borders which by then had owned an 8 year old book chain known as Waldenbooks since 1984. Kmart merged the two companies naming it Borders-Walden Group. The merger was aimed at having the experienced senior management from Borders help salvage Waldenbooks which was flopping. However this did not work as most of the Borders senior management opted to walk out of the company. By the end of the annum Kmart renamed the company as Borders Group. Singapore became the first state where the company established an international store; this took place in the year 1997. The company went ahead to further establish other 41 internation al stores in United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. Borders (UK) Ltd. was started in 1998 as branch of Borders Group. It grew to become one of the major booksellers in UK but was later sold out to a private investor in 2007 due to stiff competition in market. The Singapore store was declared the best performing among

Aida Play Analysis Essay Example for Free

Aida Play Analysis Essay The musical Aida was written by Auguste Mariette based on Giuseppe Verdis Italian-language opera. 2nd Flight Productions using the stage at Chantilly High School performed the musical. The musical was based on the legend of Aida, the Nubian princess who was captured as a slave to Radames, the captain of Egypt. The performance is divided into two acts and it started with Radames fianci , Amneris, as a statue during the present times in a museum. The museum displayed a tomb with the carvings of a man and a woman buried together. Amneriss statue begins to sing and tells the tale behind the tomb. The set for the museum was sufficiently constructed for the story. The tomb was realistic and the background sets of Egyptian writing were appropriate to the feeling and style. However, at first it was difficult to grasp who Amneris was when she sang because she was position center right and maybe a little down right of the stage. There were no other props that clearly indicated that she was part of the museum and that she was a statue. There was a back narrow parallel platform that elevated her separate from the ground. The ensemble members were the museum tourists observing the artifacts. However they were on the ground level and there were no indications of them acknowledging her as a fellow artifact of the museum. Throughout the play, Aida is a strong character who deeply cares about her people. In the plot she hides her identity as the Nubian Princess to save her people. The actress did an amazing job portraying those characteristics. Her voice was powerful and so phenomenal that each song she sung moved me. Every emotion she evoked moved the audience through her acting and her singing. There was moment where the actress belted out a song that described the struggles of being a princess of Nubia. Her body language was like a building wearing away and her facial expressions revealed pain and sorrow. Another moment that was very effective was when she finally accepted her love for Radames. Her body language was playful, her voice was light and her facial expression was soft and more youthful. She was the best and most excellent actress in the play. The lighting had its good effects and bad effects. During serious moments, the lighting was used well and isolated the light towards the main characters. However, when the music became lively, the lighting was in all different colors, similar to a disco lighting, which I found unnecessary and sloppy for a historical musical. The costuming was decent as well but I expected more from a community theatre company. The costumes would be acceptable for a high school production but not a community one. The slave clothes were fine and tattered; however, the fabric was new and it appeared new from stage. Since the setting is in historical times, the fabric must invoke that. The costume for Aida throughout the play was in a shiny fabric that was glittery. This was an anachronism since the setting, again, is in historical times. The ensemble was probably the poorest aspect of the play. In every act they were in, they were never in synch with each other. No one seemed to listen or hear each other. The ensembles made careless mistakes with their hands fidgeting, their eyes not focused and the acting did not seem like acting. In acting, the actor must have a purpose or goal to evoke good acting; however the ensemble did not do that. They moved around with unmotivated movement. Their dance, however, was stronger than their acting. At times they were no in synch but they did decent on their dances. I wished that the ensemble danced with more diverse movements. The dances seemed a little parallel and conformed to the same movements at times. The ensemble men were Radames soldiers in the beginning and did a dance routine that had the characteristics of a march. The performance of the ensemble however, was poor. Their entire routine was not in synch and it was sloppy. In order to portray as soldiers, they should have had more cut and dry movements that were sharp and strict. However, they performed as if they were relaxed and bored. It was more of a casual walk than a march. Towards the end the soldiers did an impressive break dance when the song lifted from its austere melody, however I found it unnecessary. Overall the musical was satisfactory as a community musical. The background music was appropriate, the main actors were excellent in portraying their characters and the songs were sung on key. Although there were many errors in setting, and ensemble members, the director succeeded in telling and portraying the story of Aida in a reasonable fashion.

Internet Technology: The End Of Printed Newspaper

Internet Technology: The End Of Printed Newspaper Competition between print and online News and Information Media. According to research the growing usage of internet technology has intensified competitions and now publishers are facing more threats from online marketing leading to decline in readership of printed newspaper. Printed newspaper is finding it hard to attract young readers to replace the old ones amounting to drop in revenue on intermedia advertising market.(Richard van der wurff,2005.Gazette Vol No .1, pg 107) The internet exacerbates these threats by enabling the entry of new competitors With new online products on the internet news market. Publishers are now faced with increasing competition from foreign newspapers and other media organisation; some of these competitions offers online news for free and also use internet technology to create electronic markets and job sites that compete with the printed newspaper in the classified and job advertising markets. Printed newspaper therefore facing threats from their core business and the sales of news and sales of access to audience. .(Richard van der wurff,2005.Gazette Vol No .1., pg 107) At the same time internet technology empowers newspaper publisher to innovate their product and to target new audience by using the internet as a marketing channel to reach young potential customers, who do not read the printed newspaper, publisher can also use the internet to serve foreign customers with online electronic editions of the news that before was expensive ,they can also use the internet to strengthen relationship with existing readers by offering new services like breaking news and classified ad sites collecting readers information establishing a two way communication with readers. According to van der wurff in his contribution in the Gazette he suggested that publishers Make better use of these opportunities when they face stronger competition from online competitors. Provided they have the financial means to do so. At the beginning of the 21st century few print media has delved into online market creating their own brand like the economy and financial magazine the agriculture magazine can access online but still keep the valuable part to prints subscribers. Print newspaper publishers are now facing problems from ISPs and other information providers.(Richard van der wurff,2005.Gazette Vol No. 1, pg 108) The mediatisation of the net and internetization of Traditional Media Newspaper publishers are now required to change their business model as gate keepers of information and embrace the media logic of interractiveness, personalization, immediacy and multimedia. Their new role would be to facilitate communications between readers and between readers and journalists. Readers rather than journalists would decide what news readers would receive, and readers would become important originators of content, too. Online editions would make this content available in real-time, and text would be sexed up with moving images and sound.(Richard van der wurff,2005.Gazette Vol No. 1, pg 108) Other contribution by oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢sullivan observes that traditional media including newspaper publisher, dominate the online news environment in his case in Ireland. Traditional media have the largest supply of online news, and in addition syndicate their content to other online providers. He also shows that websites of newspaper publishers in Ireland tend to look like transmission sites. They offer little interactivity and multimedia, and mainly provide the same news as their printed counterparts. This does not imply that editors do not see that internet, in principle, offers them opportunities to improve the print format, and to provide greater depth and diversity. Yet, online editors operate in the same political-economic environment and face at least the same problems and time constraint as their printed counterparts. It is therefore as difficult for them as for editors of printed newspapers to give minority views an equal voice. The standard in online journalism is threa tened by publishers who attempt to reduce costs by employing inexperienced journalist on low pay, and by tight deadlines. According to editors, maintain high journalistic skills is imperative-but costs money, as does offering interactivity and communication between journalists and readers.oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢sullivan concludes that online news, when distributed for free, cannot escape the norms of broadcasting media. In Search for Newspaper Role Online The combined developments of the mediatisation of the internet and the internetization of traditional media do not resolve the competitive challenge that news publishers face. Increasing competition between old and new news media forces newspaper publishers to find an appropriate position or niche for online newspapers in the newspaper market, next to other news media and in particular next to printed newspapers. The publisher needs to differentiate their online news from the printed newspaper to prevent market cannibalization. Differentiation can be realized by emphasizing internet-specific features (e.g. interactivity), by offering different content (e.g. local community information), or both. Differentiaition, however, brings additional cost for publishers. Has argued by oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢sullivan. Salaverria suggested whether and how newspapers have informative and critical role to play in emergency situations. He analysis how Spanish international online newspapers reported in real-time on events of the 11 September 2001.he argued that the internet has become a global information medium on its own. A multitude of people used the net directly after the event to be informed. This create technical problems(congestions, long download times), which suggests that the internet has not yet reached maturity as a technological medium. Publisher addressed the issue by trimming down the home page size. Another problem was to that the pressure to keep up with the events led online newspapers to make mistakes. More troublesome is that newspapers did not formally rectify their mistakes, but simply removed the wrong statement from the web. The debate still continues over where news rooms need to take their content. Online content has been offered free in most cases to readers for years. Will online readers be willing to pay for content in the future? For decades, there was never any doubt that printing had a future-the printing industry became the synonym for a sector with uninterrupted growth. Paper consumption and press output was the yardstick of wealth, civilization and economic power. Today, the increasing trend towards digitization and computerization of the media, coupled with the explosion of the Internet, has prompted many players in the printing industry to wonder whether print still has a future. The answer is a resounding yes. However, great changes are afoot

The Role of Faith in Field of Dreams :: Faith

Faith is an important aspect in everybody. It helps us see God, and believe in him. Our faith is always tested when there is a hard theological decision to make or somebody else trying to break your bold with God. The movie Field of Dreams, is a great example of how staying true to your faith can sometimes be hard. In this movie, the main character Ray Kinsella shows his faith in what he believes he should do. In the beginning of the movie Roy hears a voice from the corn saying, â€Å"If you build it he will come.† At this point Roy has no idea who is talking to him or what about. He tells his wife Annie and his young daughter Karen. He eventually realizes that the voices are telling him to build a baseball field so â€Å"Shoeless† Joe Jackson and his teammates can play ball. Our group thought that the voices are coming from Ray’s conscience. We thought the message the voice is trying to get across is that if he builds the baseball field his father will come. We thought this because throughout the movie Ray discusses his relationship with his father and how it wasn’t the greatest. Another example of why we thought the voice was his conscience is when the voice says, â€Å"Ease his Pain.† Ray thought that he should have eased the writer Terence Mann’s p ain, but we thought the voice was saying ease the pain from the relationship with his father. The Kinsella family showed great faith throughout the movie, but Ray definitely proved his the best. By listening to the voices, he built an expensive baseball field, traveled across the country with Terence Mann to find Archibald Graham. He could have quit at any time and just forgot about the voices, but he continued to stay strong to his faith and follow his dreams. Though Ray did end up realizing why he was being told to do these things, his faith and willpower was tested throughout the movie. Faith was a major part in the movie, and ran parallel to the storyline for almost the entire duration. In many scenes faith was challenged. For example, when Ray and Annie are contemplating building the baseball field, when they have no funds and could lose their farm Ray’s faith was tested. Also when he was argues with his wife about whether to visit Terence Mann or not.

Motivation and Commitment for the Social Work Profession

X 1) Motivation and Ccommitment for the Social Work Profession As I reminisce back upon my life there are many experiences and factors that have affected and shaped who I am today. If you examine Nature vs. Nurture, Ive always coincluded that human expression is not just black and white, there is a definite grey area where both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) combine. For example, childhood experiences or family dynamics can either make or break you as a person depending on whether you allow negative experiences or less than ideal environments to detrimentally affect the way in which you view the world.You can prevail forward or stay with the natural human tendency to digress in the past but you decide how long you want that period of digression to be. My immediate family growing up was my father, stepmother, mother, and my twin brothers. My parent's divorced when I was two. My mother was severely depressed; because of this I did not see her again until I was eight years old. I dont remember a lot from when I was young but I do recall my brothers and I visiting our mother under supervision in a playroom of a human services building. She explained to us that she was better and could soon keep us every other weekend.My mother was better for a while but the depression came in cycles, sometimes she was up and other times she was down. My twin brothers were born mentally challenged on the mild spectrum. As I watched my mother and brothers struggle with trials and tribulations of life, I realized how much I enjoy helping others cope with the obstacles and barriers that can come with life, with or without a disability that brings life into another realm. Which is how I came to work with several different companies serving various populations such as, mentally challenged, mentally ill, physically disabled and Traumatic Brain Injury.My interest in social work and psychology began as a teenager in my first psychology class my freshman year in high school. I w as fascinated with how the brain works and what influences and shapes the human mind. I told my parent's at this time my dream of becoming a therapist. As a teenager I always wanted to give support and give advice to my friends. I wanted to help others through their challenges. We all face challenges in life, we all have to face fear at one time or another, every challenge and fear is a chance to gain courage or strength you never knew you had inside you.I began pursuing my bachelors degree at the age of twenty one. I attended school, work, and at the same time held up the role of single motherhood. It was testing and exhausting at times but the feeling of accomplishment at the end was well worth it. After receiving my degree I knew eventually I would want to climb further up the education ladder when I was ready. I wanted a break to gain more work experience serving others. This year I decided was the right time to look into a masters degree program.I was fond of the multidimension al contexts mentioned in the Advanced Generalist Concentration description for the second year. It is important to learn the different levels and aspects of cultures and the influences thereof, in order to better understand and empathize with the individuals you serve as a social worker. My future career goals after I complete the program: I hope to work in a clinic or resource center for individuals with HIV and work towards further prevention and education to the public. I am going to obtain a minor in Drug and Alcohol Counseling so I can better serve this population.After gaining some work experience to broaden my perspective and knowledge, I hope to open my own therapy practice in order to help others through their challenges and succeed in life. 2) A Social Issue of Concern A social issue of concern for me is the stigmatizing of individuals with HIV in society. As the HIV/AIDS epidemic marks its thirtieth year, you can state a lot has changed since 1981 when what was thought of as the gay plague which had symptoms ssimilar to pneumonia and Kaposis Sarcoma, such as, fever, fatigue, rash, swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat.Although many individuals experience no symptoms at all, feel, and appear healthy for several years. A few years later this would come to be known as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Now thirty years later society, professionals, and doctors know more about HIV transmission, treatment, and prevention. Society may know more but do they know enough to keep ignorance and stigma at bay? A recent survey performed by the Kaiser Family Foundation shows substantial shares of Americans continue to express discomfort at the idea of interacting with people living with HIV.For example 45% say theyd be uncomfortable having their food prepared by someone who is HIV-positive, 36% with having an HIV roommate, 29% having their child in a classroom with an HIV-positive teacher, and 18 ppercent working with someone who is HIV-positive. One statistic th at does show some promise in decreasing stigma and ignorance within society is the share stating theyd be very comfortable working with someone who has HIV increased from about a third in 1997 to roughly half in 2011. (www. kff. org/kaiserpolls[->0]) Unfortunately other results show the public is still ignorant about modes of transmission of HIV.The KFF survey also shows that over the past twenty years, roughly one in four Americans have continued to either believe that one can get HIV from a drinking glass, or remain unsure whether it is the case. What do these statistics tell about stigma and ignorance within the general public? It says that potentially stigmatizing and dincriminating attitudes still persist. There are a few factors that I believe led to this outcome, 1) The public is not being educated enough in the schools, television, and doctors offices and hospitals are prime places where we can get the information out there. ) More doctors are suggesting HIV tests for non-el derly, 29% but so far it doesn't translate into an increase in reports of actually getting an HIV test. About one in five non-elderly adults say they have been tested for HIV in the past 12 months which is a ppercentage that has held steady since 1997. 3) The information about how HIV is contracted and testing routes/sites needs to get out not to just high-risk population but to the general population as well. Although society ddiscrimination, HIV itself does not discriminate. (statistics obtained from: www. kff. rg/kaiserpolls) 1. Society Response When speaking of HIV in general, people get defensive and uncomfortable. This is where peer advocacy at testing sites, community education sites, and in the clinics/hospitals is vital because those living with HIV can share their stories and show others the different types of people that contract HIV. So a face can be put with the virus, show others that you cant tell who has HIV by looking at someone. Also, a belief that comes into play is that if you talk about sex, even safe sex, that people will be encouraged to have more of it.In reality the opposite rings true. The more that educators and hospital professionals talk about safe sex and STDs, the more comfortable others are talking with their sex partners on the subject. The more you know about a topic, the more confident you feel to discuss it with others. 3) Personal Strengths, Skills, Knowledge, Qualities and Limitations Ive always had an altruistic personality, compassion for others, ability to empathize with external and internal human struggles. In high school I enjoyed giving advice and being the sympathetic ear to my friends.Growing older, I enjoyed listening to and talking with mature adults at work with every day contact I gained more knowledge about their life experience. I was always fascinated when discussing the way they handled their trials and tribulations. I always had a thirst for knowledge whether it is the spoken words of others, reading book s, enjoying new experiences, or researching online. Some professionals who receive vast education, or are in their chosen profession for a long time, come to believe they have learned it all. They get stuck in a rut like doctors treating numbers, not treating the patient.I dont believe I will ever get to that place in my career. At the start and at the end of the day, you need to remember your purpose for yourself and for others. Its innate for all of us to need human experience, to be loved and accepted, to feel needed, to make others happy. In summary, a thirst for human knowledge, an understanding that society and people are forever changing, the ability to empathize with others, and the human experience in general, is what makes an effective social worker. One of my limitations is that I often underestimate myself.Because of that I put limitations on myself that dont need to be there. I let fear of success get in the way of success. However, Ive come to realize this and I do my best to strive further and not give up. There are always obstacles in life whether it is emotional, physical, or environmental. One must learn to get around them, work with them, or run right through them. 4) Ethics and Values My personal values are seen in the work I have chosen to do tthroughout my life. Ive worked with the mentally challenged, mentally ill, and physically challenged individuals for many years.I believe no matter what the differences and limitations are, we as human beings all deserve respect, dignity, and the same opportunities that all Americans are provided. The right to vote, obtain an education, right to work, to serve in the community, have resources available, and to live and experience life to its fullest; are rights and privileges we all have. Some do not realize how in the past those that differ from the norm have had to fight and struggle for these rights, many had to experience anguish, despair, and isolation when institutionalization was standard and no rights were given to these individuals.In 1955 the institutions were slowly shutdown for the most part and deinstitutionalization became the standard. The mentally challenged, physically disabled and mentally ill were more accepted and iintegrated into the community, the educational system, into paid work and vocational positions, the government and state provided adaptions so they could gain access to the community and use their rights. There is always more work to do.The general public has little concept of how significant the population of disabled individuals is, more educating to the public needs to be put into place on how prevalent physical, intellectual, and mental disorders are, for example, the CDC reported 1 in 110 children in the United States have an Autism spectrum disorder, 13% of children have a developmental disability and the last count in 1993 the CDC found 1. 5 million children and adults ages 6-64 had intellectual disabilities.As a social worker one will work with people from all walks of life, characters, belief systems, religion, culture, race, and value systems. Also depending on these factors, the issues individuals deal with in their day to day lives will vary. You have to put your ego and your own beliefs that may be different from theirs aside and take your profession seriously, but dont take yourself too seriously. Put the person youre serving first and remember the service youre providing, whatever your field may be.People will come in with conflicting beliefs, religions, and backgrounds, but unless you have walked in their shoes its not for you to judge or change their mind. However, you are required to report incidents such as, abuse, homicidal and suicidal intentions (if there is a plan set out). You are there to offer help with resources and advice on the use of those resources available to the individual. 5) Meaningful Volunteer and/or Work experience For the year of 2007 I worked for Quality Living Inc. in Omaha, Nebraska , this is a rehab facility specializing in TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) and Spinal Cord Injury.Never having worked with this population, it was an eye opening experience to see several people go from living an independent life, to losing the ability to walk or go to the bathroom, losing the ability to speak, process thoughts, control of their muscles, having to relearn everything and not fully gain back certain skills. Also teaching and helping struggling families gain skills to cope and work with their loved ones as well. One tough situation among many was a family with a seventeen year old daughter who was ran over by a vehicle at night; she had a TBI and was in a comma.I watched the family by her side and praying for her to wake up every day. This hit close to my heart because I have a daughter as well and I thought to myself how heartbroken I would be if that happened to her. You are reminded of how valuable life is and how important the moments are that you spend with those you love. I had never assisted people who were in such extensive need of various services. The individuals attended physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and relearning everyday living skills to gain back the skills they lost.I didn't know the need for this service was so extensive. There are few facilities like it which specialize in TBI and SCI. There are rehabilitation hospitals who offer ssimilar therapies and resources but not to this extent and not as individualized. The creator of Quality Living was one person and a community of families with loved ones who have TBI and/or Spinal Cord Injury who werent getting the services they desperately needed. Working with the individuals and those who work for them, reminded me of the power and perseverance of the human spirit to overcome any obstacle. ) Cultural Diversity Experience a. I have some experience working with diverse cultures. I worked as a nursing assistant in various facilities, nursing homes, group homes, a nd hospitals, assisting with personal care and daily living. Working with the elderly you see how people come from different backgrounds and how it affects who they are today. You also see how dementia and Alzheimers affects the brain and physical function. As I went over before, I worked with individuals with physical and mental disabilities; I still do to this day.I gained a lot of patience and understanding from this work. You come across various behaviors that can be aggressive, violent, emotional, and this will challenge you emotionally and intellectually as well. This will also at times drain you physically and emotionally. At the end of the day you get these reminders: a friendship gained, a smile, a thank you, an apology, a new experience, being able to teach someone and help someone. You see youve made a difference despite the difficult days that come and go. b.I have not had professional experience working with many different ethnicities and/or nationalities. However, I ha ve had personal experience with friendships and co-workers of various national origins such as, Africa, Persia, Mexico, India, Ecuador, Haiti, Columbia, France, Portugal and Britain. I myself love learning about different cultures, their views, beliefs, traditions, history, and food of course, its all very fascinating to me. c. I am most comfortable working with those my age or between 20-40 years of age because I can more easily relate and be at the same level maturity and intellect.I also am comfortable with those who have disabilities and mental illnesses, having professional and personal experience with this population I am more apt to see the person, not just their disability. d. After careful thought there is not a population I am uncomfortable working with. 7. ) Social Support and Financial Plan I plan on applying for school loans and sscholarships. As well as meeting with the financial assistance and sscholarship offices. Currently my husband and I are looking into starting a non-profit shelter for female veterans out of our home.We have already begun contacting individuals within The National Veterans Wellness and Healing Center which host retreats for veteran couples and also works constantly on assisting veterans with obtaining the resources that are available to them. While I am at school and doing work credit hours my husband will take care of the business, along with our business partners we will also hire extra people to assist us with running the business. I am very excited about this endeavor and feel my further education with New Mexico State would contribute a great deal to this and future endeavors. [->0] – http://www. kff. org/kaiserpolls

Teams and Team Processes: Group Dynamics

Teams are often depicted as a group of people sharing leadership of and working together on a specific project, whereas a group (but not a team) consists of individuals who work independently and are led by a strong, focused individual (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). In the health care organization, it is important to have a group of people working together as a well a team. Each person individually need to fully understand what his or her role is in a group or team, if not there will be conflicts. Teams and Team Processes: Group Dynamics What is a group? A group consists of two or more people who interact with each other and share a common purpose (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). A team is a type of group (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). Teams are an essential part of any organization, especially within the healthcare organization. Each individual on a team plays a vital role in ensuring that all needs are met, task are completed daily and patients are being ca red for properly. Teamwork and collaboration between all health professionals results in high quality clinical care, and increased job satisfaction for staff (Begley, 2009). When team members do not agree on the same goal, conflicts will arise. It is important for healthcare managers to control and management all conflicts within the organization. The key to successful conflict management is for each side to first stop trying to â€Å"make each other wrong,† and then to find solutions that approximate each side’s goals (Haraway & Haraway III, 2005). In the case study presented, Nurse B voices concerns about working with fellow staff members of the surgical team. The atmosphere and moral for the team is steadily declining. In addition the job satisfaction and passion to go to work has also been impacted. In order for a team to be effective and provide quality care, the atmosphere of the team needs to be welcomed and appreciated. Better outcomes will be achieved when team members perceive supportive team atmosphere and an empowering team contact with clear and jointly developed goals, an appropriate mix of skills and expertise, and rewards linked to team performance (Proenca, 2007). After further review of the case study, conflict management among team members needs to be addressed. Resolving conflict can often be like a constant balancing act among the opposing needs and interests; conflict can be unpleasant and stressful (Haraway & Haraway III, 2005). Conflict manage is essential for the success of healthcare organizations. Learning, as an organization, to constructively manage and succeed in conflict situations is a foundational construct of leadership and management (Ledlow, 2009). There are six different conflict styles: (1) accommodating, (2) avoiding, (3) collaborating, (4) competing, (5) compromising and (6) problem solving. After reading the case study, the surgical team is displaying conflict style of avoiding â€Å"potential disruption outweighs the benefits of resolution, gathering information supersedes immediate decision making, others can resolve the conflict more effectively and issues seem a result of other issues,† (Ledlow, 2009). Instead of going to the Physician Assistant, Nurse B should feel comfortable speaking to the surgeon with her questions and concerns. In addition to displaying avoiding conflict style, Nurse B surgical team is also experiencing role conflict. Role conflict arises when a focal person’s ideas of his or her requirements are incongruent with expectations from roles set members (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). It is vital for each person to know what his or her role is. There are four types of role conflicts: (1) intrarole, (2) intrasender, (3) interole and (4) inersender. The general distinction between these four types of conflict is whether the focal person is perceiving the incongruence with his or her own standards or values (intra-) or whether the focal person recognizes the conflict arising due incompatibilities among others and/or policies (inter-) (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). In order for Nurse B surgical team to be successful, each staff member must realize they are a group of people who collectively make up one team. The four steps to transform a group into team are: (1) forming, (2) storming, (3) norming and (4) performing. In forming, the team has initial contact with other staff members to see who will be a part of the team. There will be different views on how procedures should be. In step two, storming, the group will have conflict with role, status and power of each member. The next step, normimg group member will begin to create and agree upon the rules of the group. Finally in step four, performing, the team knows and understands what each of their roles are and begins to work together as a team to achieve the same goal. Once the group comes together collectively, Nurse B surgical team will have group cohesion. Group cohesion refers to a shared vision, unity of goals and objectives, pride in group membership, and collective group identity (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). After the team has been established, each team member must continue to strive toward the same goal. Intervention technique is a good recommendation for Nurse B surgical team. Intervention helps to improve situations. An intervention can be a training session on conflict resolution, changes made to team structure, and the development of guidelines outlining team members’ roles. Intervention helps to provide training to team members on what procedures are still current and the procedures not being used. Goal setting training leads to greater effectiveness at the individual level and improved team efficiency (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). In summary, Nurse B surgical team will be successful once he or she identifies his or her conflicts and begin working as a team; thus improving the efficiency and quality of the department. In a team, individuals’ actions are interdependent and coordinated, each member has a specified role, and members share common task goals or objectives (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). Conflict management and role conflict can hinder the success of a team. Role conflict arises when a focal person’s ideas of his or her requirements are incongruent with expectations from role set members (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). Trust and communication is important to the success of a team. A key component to healthy group dynamics is communication or role expectation; trust is developed when team members experience seemingly predictable situations, exchange information about oneself with others, reciprocate, and open up (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009). It essential for healthcare managers to ensure that each person understands what his or her roles are. Healthcare administrators must take steps to design better teams, train team members to work together, manage team performance, structure the work performed by the team and provide support to team members (Erofeev, Glazer, & Ivanitskaya, 2009).

Down East Spud Busters Case Analysis Essay

This will give this big conglomerate grounded to the â€Å"little guy† and hopefully keep the company connected on the local level as it expands. As Deep East Spud Busters expands from Canada and Maine to Idaho, Europe, the Pacific Rim, and then into nationwide sales and distribution, the â€Å"people factor’ will become increasingly important. By the â€Å"people factor,† I am of course, to put it into business terms, talking about Human Resources. Given the immense geographical expanses and logistical challenges that will no doubt be a factor in such a major expansion, Human Resources are going to very important as they open up the new production plant in Idaho, continue innovating at the Maine higher-value processing plant where new, fresh ideas are paramount, penetrating international markets in Europe and the Pacific Rim where consumers have a totally foreign culture and speak a different language, and as they tap into nationwide sales and distribution here across the United States. The reason being is that folks are different wherever you go and to have a successful company these days, management needs to be less rigid and more organic while treating its stakeholders as individuals with different needs and embracing diversity. But maybe you’re saying to yourself right now â€Å"potatoes are potatoes anywhere you go† or something like that. My response would be that sure potatoes are potatoes but people and their cultural situations are unique wherever you go. Laws and regulations are also different wherever one might go. Legislation, the role of trade unions and governments and their agencies, culture and values vary between regions and countries. Therefore the particular institutional structures operating in different national economies and societies are no doubt influential in my opinion, in maintaining dissimilar Human Resources policies in different countries, American states, counties, and cities. People’s behavior and needs will be influenced by the land in which they reside, and Deep East Spuds Busters is going to have to adjust accordingly. If DESB holds the people factor in high regard as they expand into new territories, they will increase their chance of success exponentially. I have personally have had several jobs where the company couldn’t care less about its employees and it’s not only miserable for the workers, but in my opinion it’s got to be bad for business as well. Company’s like Home Depot, Whittier Wood Products, and literally every wood mill in the Eugene/Springfield area treats their employees like crap, doesn’t pay them enough, overworks them, fires them and lays them off like it’s nothing, and most importantly, those businesses don’t take into account their employees individuality at all. There are definitely companies that not only should follow my idea of how Deep East Spud Busters should maintain their Human Resources departments, but also could be successful in adopting a similar organizational structure to their current and future business models. Some types of companies that I think could benefit from copying DESB’s current and future organizational model are of the following: Land owners who have timber on their land, independent gardeners, independent gold miners, independent mushroom growers, local artisans of pottery, wood crafts, and textiles, the list goes on and on. There are many types of businesses that could follow a template starting with a local cooperative, refinement of received products and materials, nationwide distribution and sales involving local salesmen, and then expansion into international markets. I think companies that produce a product easily made by the individual person could follow this model and not so much highly technical and industrial fields that already have their structures well establishes. For example, it would make no sense for Intel’s microchip producers to follow this model but it would make sense for an individual or small business that creates popular art pieces. Important Mechanisms Used to Coordinate Work: Modular Network: Temporary arrangements among partners that can be assembled and reassembled to adapt to the environment: also called a virtual network. Broker: A person who assembles and coordinates participants in a network. Standardization: Establishing common routines and procedures that apply uniformly to everyone. Formalization: The presence of rules and regulations governing how people in the organization interact. Coordination by Plan: Interdependent units are required to meet deadlines and objectives that contribute to a common goal. Business Agility and Ways to Improve It: Business agility is the ability of a business to adapt rapidly and cost efficiently in response to changes in the business environment. Business agility can be maintained by maintaining and adapting goods and services to meet customer demands, adjusting to the changes in a business environment and taking advantage of human resources. Agility is a concept that incorporates the ideas of flexibility, balance, adaptability, and coordination under one umbrella. Put in the context of business, agility refers to the ability of an organization to rapidly adapt to market and environmental changes in productive and cost-effective ways. The agile company is an extension of this concept, referring to an organization that utilizes key principles of adaptive systems and complexity science to achieve success. One can say that business agility is the outcome of Organizational Intelligence. Different areas that enterprises can improve their business agility are through strategy, commitment to customers, and their use of technology. Organization Structure Definition: Definition: The typically hierarchal arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights and duties of an organization. Organizational structure determines how the roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between the different levels of management. A structure depends on the organization’s objectives and strategy. In a centralized structure, the top layer of management has most of the decision making power and has tight control over departments and divisions. In a decentralized structure, the decision making power is distributed and the departments and divisions may have different degrees of independence. A company such as Proctor ;amp; Gamble that sells multiple products may organize their structure so that groups are divided according to each product and depending on geographical area as well. An organizational chart illustrates the organizational structure Citation: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/organizational. html Four Dimensions of an Organizational Structure: Authority: The legitimate right to make decisions and to tell other people what to do. Span of Control: The number of subordinates who report directly to an executive or supervisor. Delegation: The assignment of authority, responsibility, and accountability. Centralization: When important decisions are made at the top rather than spread out over the mid and lower levels of an organization. 4 Basic Forms of Horizontal Structures of Organizations: Functional Organization: Jobs and departments that are specialized and grouped according to business functions and the skills they require: production, marketing, human resource, research and development, finance, accounting, etc. Divisional Organization: Groupings of all functions into a single division that duplicates functions across all divisions. These are created as an organization becomes more diverse, complicated, and spread out over geographical regions. Matrix Organization: A hybrid form of organization in which functional and divisional forms overlap. Sales ;amp; Distribution Group Sales ;amp; Distribution Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Design / Research Group Design / Research Group Production Group Production Group Supply Group Supply Group Divisional Manager Traditional Potato Line Divisional Manager Traditional Potato Line Network Organization: A collection of independent, mostly single-function firms that collaborate to produce a good or service. Organizational Structure Chart for Down East Spud Buster (Note: Chart Represents Each Division): Sales ;amp; Distribution Group Sales ;amp; Distribution Group Sales ;amp; Distribution Group Sales ;amp; Distribution Group Sales ;amp; Distribution Group Sales ;amp; Distribution Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Manager Personnel Manager Sales ;amp; Distribution Manager Sales ;amp; Distribution Manager CEO CEO Divisional Manager Frozen Food Line Divisional Manager Frozen Food Line Divisional Manager Dried Food Line Divisional Manager Dried Food Line Divisional Manager Traditional Potato Line Divisional Manager Traditional Potato Line Supply / Purchase Manager Supply / Purchase Manager Design and Research Manager Design and Research Manager Production Manager Production Manager Sales ;amp; Distribution Manager Sales ;amp; Distribution Manager Supply Group Supply Group Production Group Production Group Design / Research Group Design / Research Group Supply Group Supply Group Production Group Production Group Design / Research Group Design / Research Group Supply Group Supply Group Production Group Production Group Design / Research Group Design / Research Group